Category Archives: Portfolio Strategy, Performance, Changes.

Updated Portfolio Holdings after “Liberation Day”

June 8th, 2025

The market has been somewhat volatile in the year to date, related to dramatic trade policy initiatives by President Trump.  This volatility motivated me to optimize my portfolio holdings.

The policy changes in question centered on the abrupt imposition of large tariffs on imported manufactured goods, especially on the totalitarian Communist People’s Republic of China (PRC), but also on many other countries. This caused declines in stocks of companies which sell goods manufactured in the countries in question.  For example, Apple, which sells iPhones primarily made in PRC, and Best Buy, which sells many products made in Asia, both declined.

This was a significant market decline, a correction (conventionally, a decline of at least 10% in the broad market is considered a correction) of about 19%, not quite a bear market (a market decline of at least 20% is conventionally held to indicate a bear market). The decline was very quick, over less than a month from the S&P500 peak of $6144.15 on February 19th, to the nadir of $4982.77 on April 8th.  Apparently growing investor concern lowered the S&P 500 by 7.7% from the peak on February 19th, to the close on April 2nd.  The index then dropped 12.1% from the close at 5670.97 on April 2nd, Trump’s declared “Liberation Day”, to the nadir 6 days later.  So the bulk of the drop, and of the drama, occurred in the final week of the decline.

When a decline of this magnitude and speed happens, stocks of many companies, and values of other assets, fall, even if their value should not, from a strictly rational point of view, be affected by the factors that caused the market disturbance, in this case the tariff policies. This phenomenon of, “selling the good with the bad” occurs as investors succumb to fear, indiscriminately selling in order to avoid further loss of value.  In addition, assets that have been relatively less affected by the inciting factors, must be sold to raise money to meet margin calls or other liability obligations, hence, the “good” must be sold as the  “bad” loses its value.  Hence, the selling  tends to accelerate, as it were, once a certain trigger is reached.

Further, when market corrections occur rapidly, in the absence of tangible changes in economic conditions as indicated by data regarding recent economic activity, the market generally recovers as quickly, as investors subsequently take advantage of the inviting, lower prices of stocks. 

Therefore, rapid market corrections, accompanied by the customary media and investor hysteria, in the absence of actual deterioration in economic conditions, are a stellar opportunity to buy companies which we wish we owned more of, at sale prices. It is important to note, that buying at this time requires acting in opposition to some people and possibly many, who are urging caution, at least until the market has recovered. Of course, by then, the sale prices have disappeared.

Accordingly, while President Trump’s abrupt approach to tariff policy has been quite hair raising at times, this set of conditions, as it developed in the week after Trump’s “Liberation Day” on April 2nd, stimulated me to reallocate funds to invest to more adequate levels in companies which have a great future.  I sold United Health as it was relatively unaffected by the tariff policy changes. I moved funds from Microsoft and Visa to invest more in Mercado Libre and Nvidia.  I even bought Palantir, before selling at a small gain, as I was not comfortable with its very high valuation.  I also invested a relatively small amount in Arm Holdings.

As of June 7th, my portfolio holdings are as follows:

I have increased allocation to the rapidly growing Mercado Libre and Nvidia.  Previously I was probably too cautious regarding their relative volatility, failing to allocate funds to them even when they had declined by more than 15% from their 52 week high.  Most importantly, in the context of the recent abrupt market correction, this was the opportune time to buy more.  The small proportion allocated to Arm Holdings Plc. was made in view of the recent IPO, with very high PE. The PE was however, falling as revenue grows. Of course, Arm Holdings plc is not a new or untested company. It assumed a dominant market share in ARM chips over the last two decades. ARM chips are rapidly increasing in data centers which are key to the emerging AI related business economy.

Amateur Investor: recent underperformance of the broad US market index S&P 500, but longer term outperformance.

Jan 10, 2025

Annualized Performance (Internal Rate of Return) of Amateur Investor portfolio at 1y, 3y, 5y and 10y (%), as of the last trading day of 2024, is shows in the table below.  Investors might be broadly grouped into those who pursue the future gains in value promised by operating businesses (stock investors), and those who prefer a formally guaranteed stream of income from asset backed securities (Bond investors).  Therefore, I am comparing portfolio performance with the average annual return of securities of interest to Stock, and Bond investors.  The S&P 500 broad US stock market index is represented by The Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO).  The diversified, investment grade bond market, including US Treasury, mortgage backed, and corporate securities,  is represented by the Vanguard Core Bond Fund (VCOBX).

*note VCOBX Core Bond Fund inception was in 2016, so the provided 10-year annualized performance as of 12-31-2024 is that of the fund benchmark.

The S&P500 performed quite well in the past decade, bearing in mind that the average S&P500 return over the last 100 years is just over 10%. Meanwhile, the bond market has not performed as well.  Interests rates remained quite low in the early part of the last decade, and subsequently climbed.  In 2022, the rate of inflation rose in the US.  The Federal Reserve took measures to increase interest rates to correct this inflation. At start of January 2022, rate was 1.637%. At end of December 2022, rate was 3.879%. Bond prices therefore fell. Bond investors began 2023 with a yield not seen since 2010. The bond market did recover somewhat. Meanwhile, investors in the businesses listed in the stock market were exploring growth related to digital transformation, which had been accelerated during Covid; the new focus on AI; and amazing advances in computer chips. Most investors found these prospects more inviting than the bond yields of just under 4%.  Their renewed animal spirits raised the S&P500 index price by 24.23% in 2023, and 23.31% in 2024.

The S&P has not risen by over 20% for two consecutive years since 1997-1998,  which was a very different time from the early 2020’s ….  Come to think of it, the two epochs do share the advent of a transformative digital technology.  Then, investors were enthused over the potential of the internet to drive business reach and productivity. Today, AI is poised to transform productivity.  However clearly in the late 1990s the stock market was reaching into Mania territory, whereas I do not think that is the case currently…yet. But I digress.

Amateur Investor portfolio holdings at end of 2024 are shown in the table below.

The price returns for 2024 of Stocks in the portfolio are shown in the table below.

Amateur Investor markedly under performed the market at 1 and 3 years, and slightly at 5 years.  Microsoft makes up 47.5 % of the portfolio. Microsoft was the worst performing stock in the Magnificent 7 in 2024. Nvidia is the best performing Mag 7 stock this year, but made up only 5.4 % of the portfolio at time of purchase.  It now accounts for 9.94 % of portfolio.

The fact is, because Amateur Investor did not contain most of the Magnificent 7 companies, it did not capture their performance.  The Magnificent 7 companies’ overall strong performance was reflected in the strong S & P 500 return because they make up a significant portion of the S&P market capitalization and total return, accounting for fully 34.6% of the S&P 500 market cap as of June 2024.

There is no specific magic to the success of the Magnificent 7, it is simply a catchphrase for a group of companies which recently achieved the highest market capitalizations, and seem to be popular among investors. I find myself to be unable to heed the siren calls of trendy stock investments. I would rather understand whether and why the key characteristics of a particular business make it a candidate for my portfolio.

While Amateur Investor underperformed the broad stock market in recent years, it outperformed the S&P500 over 10 years.  This shows that the portfolio companies, which over most of that time were MSFT, V and ADBE, are able to consistently grow revenue and earnings, without regard to membership in the club of in-vogue stocks.  This is related to their competitive advantages, which include switching costs, economies of scale and network effects. The more recently added members of the portfolio, MELI, NVDA and UNH, have similar qualities which have been proven over decades of their history.

Things to be fixed:

Possibly the most significant error of this year was the failure to invest enough in NVDA.  This resulted from a lack of consistent research about promising business opportunities in the market.  I only recently learned about Nvidia’s history of anticipating, shaping and adapting to changes in its markets. It has invested massively to achieve this, over multiple decades. Thus, it has come to play a crucial role in the development of the computing power needed for modern business.  It is important to consistently maintain reading habits regarding events in the market and the portfolio companies, while avoiding being drawn into speculative gambles.

Now that Mercado Libre has declined by almost 20% from its 52 week high, I will try to raise its allocation in the portfolio to closer to 10%, in exchange for some stocks that did well this year, such as Visa.

An issue with stocks such as MELI, NVDA and ADBE is their volatility. I feel more comfortable investing a relatively smaller amount with the stock was dropped by at least 15% from its 52 week high. Otherwise the volatility can create some anxiety which must be acknowledged.

Amateur Investor Beats S&P performance at 1y, 5y and 10y at end of 2023

 1y(%)3y (%)5y (%)10y (%)
Amateur Investor43.2821.220.1
VOO26.339.9715.6612
Brk-b15.4615.4312.7611.64
VBIAX17.583.739.617.73
Performance of Amateur Investor portfolio compared with Vanguard S&P500 index ETF VOO, Berkshire Hathaway Brk-b, Vanguard Balanced Index Fund VBIAX.

January 4, 2024. Annualized Performance of Amateur Investor portfolio at 1y, 3y, 5y and 10y (%), as of the last trading day of 2023, December 29.  Performance is compared with those of various securities of interest.  The S&P500 broad US market index is represented by the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO).  Brkb-b is the affordable Class B share of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (Warren Buffet, Chairman, CEO and President).  The conservative, traditional 60/40 stock/bond allocation strategy is represented by the Vanguard Balanced Index Fund (VBIAX).

1-3-2024. 2023 was an eventful year, including predictions of recession; the failure of China growth to happen after the Communist regime decided to loosen up on draconian covid related lock downs; a liquidity scare in the US related to devaluation of bank assets caused by rapid rise in treasury bond rates.  Portfolio performance was poor in the first quarter. In response, I found a new investment in a sector I had hitherto avoided, but decided to reallocate some funds into United Healthcare Group (UNH). While the reallocation, as it turned out, was poorly timed in the sense that the current holdings of V, MSFT ADBE subsequently recovered wonderfully. However, UNH has a strong competitive advantage and management culture has proven itself over time, generating a top flight total shareholder return since IPO in 1984.  I will describe my approach to UNH in a separate article. This involved an innovation of the eternal company criteria.

MSFT:41%
UNH21.5%
V20%
ADBE16.28%
MELI1.17%
Cash0.02%
Amateur Investor portfolio holdings, by proportion %

Microsoft continues to grow its Azure cloud revenue and usage and gradually take market share from Amazon;s AWS.  It has become a leader in AI application for developers, and in workflows for information workers, using AI presented as a “copilot”.  These are reportedly increasing worker productivity significantly.  The addition of AI capabilities into the repertoire of Microsoft productivity products could produce a hockey stick increase in revenue.

Adobe is integrating generative AI capabilities (Adobe Firefly) into its flagship Creative Cloud, Document Cloud and Experience Cloud applications and has created an AI-first online suite of applications in Adobe Express.  AI integration in Experience Cloud makes personalized and real time marketing more facile and efficient, exposing more, non-professional users to creativity and sophisticated digital marketing. The freemium Adobe Express suite too, introducers a greater number of non-professional creatives to digital creative applications. As the market of potential Adobe application users expands, Adobe management plans over time, to leverage use of generative AI into price increases according to the value added. As a leading digital marketing software provider for enterprises, Adobe enables companies to build custom AI large language models in which no alien copyrighted material is used, and the company branded content is for their exclusive use.  

Visa continues to expand its network into novel areas such as B2B payments (Visa Direct), cross border payments. Where potentially competing networks are used, such as RTP (such as Zelle), Visa is still required to provide services needed to bring the payment service up to expectations regarding security and other features.  Visa continues to partner with leading novel fintech companies to give them access to global markets in payments.

UNH continues to acquire relevant healthcare services companies and develop its value based care coverage and provider network, as it evolves as a diversified healthcare company, providing healthcare insurance,  healthcare services,  ancillary services, pharmacy benefits and digital information applications. UNH products are indispensable and must be paid for, whether by individuals, or more likely by third parties such as employers, unions, government. The diversified array of healthcare services combined with market dominating insurance creates network effects and cost advantages.

Mercado Libre continues to build its ecommerce ecosystem, with ecommerce, Mercado Libre; fintech: digital payment, Mercado Pago, credit, Mercado Credito; logistics, Mercado Envios; and advertising, Mercado Ads. The logistics network reaches from distribution centers to neighborhood stores that serve as service centers for delivery and returns, as well as for local SMB sellers supplying into the ecosystem. As delivery efficiency has resulted in speed and reliability greater than normally available otherwise, this is an important pillar of MELI competitive advantage, bringing sellers and buyers into the ecosystem, where each component is advantaged by combination with the other.

While we continue to pray for the world’s people in their difficulties, I feel these companies will continue to adapt and thrive, while enabling people to accomplish more.

Amateur Investor trails S&P500 for 2022, beats over longer terms.

March 24, 2023.

Amateur Investor’s longer term, 5 and 10 year performance is approximately twice that of the broad stock market index. However, the more recent 1 year return is almost a third (31.6%) worse. Therefore, AI did not escape the bear market of 2022.

Average Annualized Returns for Amateur Investor portfolio, as of 12-31-2022, with comparisons.

1y(%)3y (%)5y(%)10y(%)
Amateur Investor-25.66.916.719.3
S&P 500-19.45.97.510.4
Vanguard Long Term
Treasury Index Fund
-29.4-7.63-2.40.49

The broad market decline which occurred in 2022 is associated with several related changes in the US and global economy. These include: government policies regarding the “energy transition” intended to “renewable” energy sources, intended to “reverse climate change” which increase the price of normally used energy sources (coal, oil gas); disruptions to trade caused by the war in Ukraine.  These changes caused inflation and hindered economic growth. Excess government fiscal stimulus spending exacerbated inflation.  In an effort to reverse this, the Federal Reserve began raising the Federal Reserve Funds Rate in March 2022.  Increasing interest rates are intended to further slow the economy.  This prospect can threaten the growth of companies’ earnings.

The rise of Treasury rates naturally also more directly affected Treasury Bond prices.  I included the performance of a long term treasury bond index in the above table showing portfolio performance. When one is apprehensive because of a market decline, one might be tempted to seek safety in bonds, especially in the perceived stability of U.S. Treasury Bonds.  But bonds do not necessarily provide a safe haven in terms of return on investment in the short run.

How might we have mitigated our losses in the bear market? By being more aware of current macro economic changes, and responding to them by including in the portfolio, companies in sectors which are responsive to diverse macroeconomic factors. Specifically, companies which benefit from the same changes which threaten other companies, as well as companies which are relatively unaffected. Nevertheless, given that growth stock prices will inevitably fluctuate, our companies are still extremely profitable, dominate their markets, and continue to innovate in order to continue their growth and dominance. More on the value and productive method of diversification, in a future post.

Amateur Investor holdings, by percentage, as of 12-31-2022:

Microsoft (MSFT): 52.79%

Visa (V): 28.74%

Adobe (ADBE): 17.75%

Mercado Libre (MELI): 0.44%

Please welcome Mercado Libre https://investor.mercadolibre.com/investor-relations as a new arrival to the portfolio. Mercado Libre is an ecommerce company operating in Latin America. It is by far the dominant market leader in the region. Latin America has an internet penetration rate in the 70s%, and fast growing. MELI provides a suite of ecommerce related solutions: Mercado Libre Marketplace (online retail platform), Mercado Envios (shipping and logistics), Classified Ads services, Advertising services, and Mercado Pago (diverse payment solutions). I began by investing an almost irrationally small amount on August 4, 2022, at $1037.82 per share. This is simply a mark of the anxiety I usually have around a brand new investment.

Amateur Investor underperforms S&P slightly in 2021

January 30, 2022. Happy New Year!  Amateur Investor focused long equity portfolio returned 24% in 2021, compared with 26.89% for the S&P 500 Index.  Following usual annual custom, I compare Amateur Investor returns for 1, 3, 5 and 10 year periods, with those of an S&P 500 index fund. This year I chose the Vanguard 500 Index Fund Admiral Shares (VFIAX), a widely held low fee S&P 500 index fund managed by Vanguard.

Amateur Investor returns (as of December 31, 2021) for:

1 year: 24%

3year: 37.3%

5 year: 32%

10 year: 24.4%

VFIAX returns:

1 year: 28.66%

3 year: 26.03%

5 year 18.43%

10 year: 16%

Although Amateur Investor underperformed the S&P 500 index by almost 3% points of return, and VFIAX by almost 5% points, Amateur Investor beat the index handily for 3, 5 and 10 year periods.

For 2021, Visa corporation stock ended the year essentially flat, down 0.92% for 2021. MSFT was  up 50.5%, ADBE up 12.85%

As of December 31, 2021, my holdings were, in the following proportions:

MSFT: 53.0%

V: 24.33%

ADBE: 22.38%

Cash: 0.28%

During 2021, new funds were invested in the portfolio, equally invested in each of MSFT, V and ADBE.

Amateurinvestor performance more than double S&P index fund in 2020

July 24, 2021. Portfolio average annual return with trailing 1, 3, 5 and 10 year returns as of the last trading day of December, 2020: are as follows.

1 year: 37.4%

3 year: 33%

5 year: 27.3%

10 year: 24.5%

They are compared with returns of VFINX, a widely held S&P index fund from Vanguard. VFINX trailing returns are as follows.

1 year: 18.37%

3 year: 14.14%

5 year: 15.18%

10 year: 13.85%

The portfolio holdings, by percentage, as of 12-31-2020 were as follows.

Adobe: 22%

Microsoft: 50.85%

Visa: 26.75%

Cash: 0.39%

2020 was marked by the Covid pandemic. Because of the expected economic burden, one would expect the market to have responded negatively initially, as it did. However a pandemic is an example of the type of crisis which would be expected to be transient, and therefore might provide an opportunity to buy good companies at a relatively low price. The market would be expected to return to trend once the crisis was seen to be abating.

However that is not why Amateurinvestor outperformed the broad market yet again. I am virtually fully invested all the time, so had little new cash to invest. The reality is that Visa, Microsoft and Adobe play indispensable roles in the digitization of economic activity on this planet. And the pandemic compelled an acceleration of the secular growth of digital transformation, therefore these three indispensable companies continue to grow.

Amateurinvestor beats S&P by 20 percentage points in 2019

May 24, 2020.  For 2019, Amateurinvestor portfolio performance, average annualized return:

1 year: 51.6%

3 year: 33%

5 year: 25%

10 year: 22.3%

For comparison, the performance of the Vanguard 500 Index Fund Admiral (VFIAX), as proxy for the S&P 500 index, annualized return before taxes:

1 year: 31.46%

3 year: 15.23%

5 year 11.66%

10 year 13.52%

As of 12-31-2019, my holdings were, in the following proportions:

Microsoft (MSFT): 50.7%

Visa (V): 30.7%

Adobe (ADBE) 18.26%

Cash: 0.27%

How was this stellar return achieved?  over time, i have experimented in investing a small amount in other companies in an attempt to diversify in order to reduce risk. Over time, i have realized that there is no rational reason to divert funds away from the very few companies companies which provide the strongest durable competitive advantage, and have the research and development and business expertise and experience to profitably extend their competitive advantage to the evolving market.

my companies all provide services which are central and indispensable in the modern evolving and expanding digital economy.

Amateurinvestor beats S & P by 21% in 2018.

January 5, 2029.  I must first apologize for letting my blog writing lapse earlier this year. I was preoccupied by some personal affairs.  I thank you for your continued support.

My portfolio total return performance beat the broad market index as of 12-31-2018 as follows:

Amateurinvestor 1 yr: 16.7%, 3 yr.: 19.1%, 5 yr: 19.2%, 10 yr: 22.6%

S & P: 1 yr – 4.38%, 3 yr: 9.2%, 5 yr: 8.49%, 10 yr: 13.12%

Amateurinvestor  outperformance relative to S & P:

1 yr: 21.08%, 3 yr: 9.9%, 5 yr: 10.71%, 10 yr: 9.48%

That is, my performance is more than double that of S&P for 1, 3 and 5 years, and handily beat it for 10 years.

As for portfolio holdings, I was compelled  to distribute some of the portfolio during the year.

I reduced holdings of CNI to a token amount. Canadian National Railroad, while a solid business with a sustainable competitive advantage, simply does not have the growth rate comparable to the other stars, MSFT, ADBE and VISA, primarily because its market is not growing at the same rate. I kept a token amount because it is a solid business with inimitable competitive advantage, with the thought that in future I will invest in this only when the stock is truly depressed.  I realize that would not be rational if the growth rate of the others continues to exceed.

The businesses of Visa, Microsoft and Adobe remain strong with bright futures. It is a testimony to the design of my portfolio, which is built exclusively with companies which possess an unassailable competitive advantage, that even while too preoccupied with personal matters to keep completely up to date on company news, and minimal trading, I still outperformed the broad market  index, while thousands of professional money managers and traders labored furiously to achieve a worse outcome.

Briefly, as businesses digitize their marketing information and creative content and related analytics, Adobe will continue to thrive as it has dominance in these areas.  As businesses move their information to the cloud, Microsoft will continue to be essential to business on this planet.  Even if there is a slowdown in spending, the market for visa will grow as the cash economy is progressively digitized.  None of these businesses will be fundamentally hurt by a slowdown in global growth, should this occur.

I look forward to this year with renewed energy and spirits.

Amateurinvestor beats S&P in 2017

January 4, 2028.  In 2017, Amateurinvestor portfolio soundly beat the S & P 10, 5 3 and 1 year returns, as shown in the table below.

Fund/index Expense ratio (%) 10y (%) 5y (%) 3y (%) 1 (%)
Amateur Investor 17.9 21.4 21.5 35.6
S & P Index   6.9 13.2 9.65 20.16

Holdings of each stock at 2017 year end are as follows:

ADBE: 7.7%

CNI: 5.1%

MSFT: 46.1%

SBUX: 12.6%

V: 27%

Performance of my stocks for 10, 5 3 and 1 year in the market, end of 2017, shown in the table below.

ARR %
stock 1y 3y 5y 10y
ADBE  74.97 35.77 36.8 15.8
CNI  25.7 8.38 14 14.67
MSFT 40.5 24.7 27.7 10.48
SBUX 7.97 14.6 17.6 21.04
V 46 21 na na

Note Starbucks (SBUX) has slowed its growth as it failed to meet earnings targets predicted by management, although earnings were still adequate for the present, just not fulfilling the past sunny promises. This is a common growth stock story and this is why we pay more attention to past achievement rather than rosy predictions.  It is also why we buy cautiously at high valuations.

Microsoft (MSFT) was range bound from late 2000 until late 2013. In that decade MSFT proceeded to dominate one historical stage of its market, consumer and business server software, with revenue increasing from $23B in 2000  to 77.8B in 2013. However under the non-engineer  Ballmer, MSFT did not reliably expand its dominance to newly emerging markets such as mobile and search.  In late 2013 under new CEO engineer Nadella, MSFT has accelerated its growth into the public/hybrid cloud on which business will depend in the future, returned to its historical focus of making its software available as a standard on all platforms.  The stock has accelerated, with the realization that even with the investment required to establish public cloud infrastructure, margins will remain high, and that the historical dominance in business server software will translate into a preferred competitive position in the hybrid/public cloud  for the business market.

VISA (V) has been a pioneer company with the  steadily strengthening competitive advantage of its global Visanet for multiple decades. It came out of the gate running as a public company March 2008, and has steadily grown into an expanding addressable market, while actively establishing standards which enable the  digital payments market.

Canadian National Railroad (CNI) stock price and to some extent revenue was affected by the fall in oil prices in 2015, but this did not materially affect the strength of its business.  meanwhile, its ports are expanding container volume capacity.

Adobe Inc. (ADBE) has continued to dominate the graphic arts digital content business and become a dominant force in digital marketing of this content.  Its partnership with MSFT gives it a stronger global reach.

It is satisfying to find that an Amateur can achieve these definitely satisfactory returns. Young or old new investors can do likewise, provided they do the adequate reading and think critically. Investment can be fascinating in what it teaches you about human nature in history and today, and what you need to learn about  prospective companies or those you buy.  The investor’s assets work and grow for him or her.

Portfolio Performance for 2016: underperformed, but businesses doing well

February 17, 2027.  Performance of my portfolio for 2016 was only 7.4%, underperforming S&P which made 9.54%. 

On 12-31-16 the relative proportions of holdings were

 

MSFT 49.9%

V 22.7%

SBUX 15.2%

CNI 5.59%

ADBE 4.98%

Cash 1.43%

 

No stock trades were made this year.

Beginning with Q2 2016 dividends were credited to cash instead of reinvested, to build a reserve for future purchase of stocks when they should reach an attractive low price. 

The performance of my stocks in the market was as follows:

 

MSFT    +14.65%

V           +1.36%

SBUX     -6.1%

CNI        +22.67%

ADBE    +9.59%

Possible causes of the relatively low performance are as follows. 

In the market volatility in September 2015 and January 2016, the S&P fell 10% from its peak of 2126 on July 17 2015 to 1921 on September 4, 2015, before climbing again to a peak of 2099 in November 6, then falling 12% to 1864 on February 12, 2016.  Unfortunately, I had no cash ready to invest in order to take advantage of the attractive low prices which appeared during the dip.  That is one reason that my performance was lower than it should be.  To address this, as mentioned above I began setting aside dividends to build a cash balance to fund acquisitions at attractive prices, whenever these should appear.

Another reason was that SBUX and VISA had suboptimal years in performance, although not as businesses.  SBUX missed revenue expectations for the first threequarters of 2016, then beat in Q4.  It beat earnings in Q1, met in-line in Q2 and 3, and barely beat in Q4.  The stock price more of less followed these results.

During 2016 Starbucks began developing its strategy of “premiumization” of the Starbucks experience, with the Roastery flagships stores and the Reserve category of Starbucks stores.  The various initiatives to expand the Channel Development segment continued.  The Full year 2016 revenue rose 11% and non-GAAP EPS 17% yoy, so hardly a poor showing.  The trailing PE is currently about 30, which is approximately average for recent 10 years. The continued evolution of SBUX to strengthen its competitive advantage and adapt to new markets is intact.

VISA acquired VISA Europe on June 21, 2016, for €12.2 billion ($13.9 billion) and €5.3 billion ($6.1 billion) in preferred stock, convertible to VISA Class A stock, with an additional €1.0 billion, plus 4% compound annual interest, to be paid on June 21, 2019.  To pay for this, VISA in December 2015 issued $16 billion of senior notes with maturities ranging between two and 30 years. The acquisition was expected to be dilutive to earnings in 2016 in the low single digit range. 

Stock dilution is being offset as the $16B debt issuance is being used partly to increase stock buy backs.  The acquisition should be accretive in low single digits in 2017 excluding integration costs, and accretive in high single digit range by 2020.  The increased earnings are partly from increased efficiency:  increased scale, cost cutting efficiencies realized by integration of the businesses, and benefits related to Visa Europe’s transition from a member-owned association to a for-profit enterprise. VISA Inc. will be positioned to take on the estimated 37%, or USD $3.3 trillion, of personal cash and check spending in Europe. Europe has been an early adopter of mobile payments using NFC, expected to grow.  Visa Inc. has aggressively launched new mobile payment partnerships, platforms and products that will enable faster growth and adoption of mobile payments in Europe. This includes new tokenization services, support for digital wallets and wearables, strategic investments in other enabling technologies, ecommerce (such as VISA Checkout) and P2P payment capabilities, as well as the opening of several global innovation centers. 

VISA will be able to present a seamless experience and global capabilities to its European and international clients.  Hence the evolution of VISA Inc. to strengthen its competitive advantage as digital payments global market leader, and adapt to serve evolving markets, is intact.